Kardiorespirator tadqiqotlar jurnali 2.(2020)

Тема статьи

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ВИЗУАЛИЗАЦИИ В ДИАГНОСТИКЕ МОРФО-ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ МИОКАРДА И КОРОНАРНЫХ АРТЕРИЙ (35-46)

Авторы

Тураев Ф.Ф., Максудов М.Ф.

Учреждение

Республиканский специализированный центр хирургии имени академика В.Вахидова, ТашИУВ

Аннотация

Важнейшей задачей здравоохранения является ранняя выявляемость и диагностика, менеджмент, совершенствование системы кардиологической и кардиохирургической помощи, повышение ее эффективности и доступности, особенно у больных с подозрением на ИБС. Несмотря на постоянное совершенствование технологий по диагностике и лечению ССЗ - ишемическая болезнь сердца (ИБС) остается основной причиной преждевременной смерти и инвалидизации населения во всем мире. На современном этапе развития медицины, важную роль в ранней и своевременной диагностике заболеваний играют методы медицинской визуализации, характеризующиеся минимумом неблагоприятных эффектов и противопоказаний, позволяющие оценивать степень поражения человеческого организма и его органов, и помогают в определении тактики лечения и конечного результата, ожидаемом улучшении прогноза заболевания. Ранняя и своевременная диагностика ССЗ, в частности ИБС играет большую роль в снижении процента инвалидности и смертности, в выработке тактики лечения с дальнейшим определением показаний к методам реваскуляризации миокарда.

Ключевые слова

коронарные артерии, морфо-функциональные изменения, МСКТ, коронарная ангиография.

Литературы

1. Атеросклероз. Современные представления и принципы лечения. Рекомендации ВНОК // Научные ведомости Белгородского Государственного Университета 2009. №12(67). С.84-96. 2. Барбараш Л.С. Двадцатипятилетний итог развития кардиологии Кузбасса // Актуальные проблемы кардиологии и сердечно- сосудистой хирургии. 2016.№1. 6-13 3. Гаман С.А. Оценка распространенности и степени тяжести мультифокального атеросклероза с использованием методов электронно-лучевой компьютерной томографии и ультразвукового дуплексного сканирования у больных с ИБС. Автореф. дисс. канд.мед.нук. 2004. 134 с.4. Данилов Н.М. Современные возможности рентгенэндоваскулярной диагностики и лечения при различных формах легочной гипертензии. Автореф. диссер. док.мед.наук. 2006. 169 с. 5. Живоглядов Д.И., Шария М.А. Лучевые методы оценки перфузии миокарда // Российский электронный журнал лучевой диагностики, Том 4 №4, 2014, 59-66. 6. Железняк И. С., Труфанов Г. Е., Рудь С. Д., Меньков И. А., Романов Г. Г., Краковская К. А. Магнитно-резонансная томография в диагностике ишемической болезни сердца // Клиническая медицина №5. 2013. С. 72-74. 7. Закирова А. Н., Оганов Р. Г., Закирова Н. Э. и др. Ремоделирование миокарда при ишемической болезни сердца // Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2009. № 1. С. 42-45. 8. Коков Л.С. Рентгенохирургические методы диагностики и лечения сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Мнение эксперта // Журнал им. Н.В. Склифосовского «Неотложная медицинская помощь». 2013;(1):23-24. 9. Корок Е. В., Сумин А. Н. Сложности в диагностике обструктивных поражений коронарных артерий: роль неинвазивных тестов // Комплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. 2019; Т. 8 № 1 С. 70-79. 10. Крючков Д.В., Артамонова Г.В. Первичный и повторный инфаркт миокарда: различия в отдаленной выживаемости пациентов // Комплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. 2015;(3):47-52. 11. Латфуллин И.А. Ишемическая болезнь сердца:основные факторы риска, лечение. Изд-во Казан. ун-та, 2017. 426 с. 12. Мареев В. Ю., Фомин И. В., Агеев Ф. Т., Арутюнов Г. П., Беграмбекова Ю. Л., Беленков Ю. Н. и др. Клинические рекомендации. Хроническая сердечная недостаточность (ХСН) // Журнал Сердечная Недостаточность. 2017;18 (1):3–40. 13. Медико-демографические показатели Республики Узбекистан, stat.uz. 14. Оганов Р.Г., Масленникова Г.Я. Стратегии профилактики сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний в российской федерации // Клиническая медицина. №3, 2012, 4-7. 15. Округин С.А., Кужелева Е.А., Гарганеева А.А. Программа ВОЗ «Регистр острого инфаркта миокарда»: эпидемиологический мониторинг острых коронарных катастроф // Комплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. 2018; 7 (1): 76-83. 16. Островский Ю.П и др. Сердечная недостаточность . Минск: Беларусская наука, 2016. – 503 с. 17. Рыжкова Д.В., Салахова А.Р. Технические основы и клиническое применение позитронной эмиссионной томографии для оценки перфузии миокарда как самостоятельной процедуры и в составе гибридных систем // Трансляционная медицина. 2(5), 2015; 113–122. 18. Симоненко В.Б, Екимовских Ю.А., Долбин И.В. Кальциноз коронарных артерий – современное состояние проблемы // Клиническая медицина 2013. №4. С.11-14. 19. Усов В.Ю., Скурихин И.М., Лукьяненок П.И. и соавтр. МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ВИЗУАЛИЗАЦИЯ 2016. №6 2016 С. 93-99. 20. Федоров В.Д., Кармазановский Г.Г. МСКТ-коронарография у больных хирургического профиля. Издательство: Видар-М Россия 2010, 154 с. 21. Фуженко Е.Е., Ховрин B.В., Кулагина Т.Ю., Абугов C.А., Сандриков В.А. Оценка выраженности коронарного стеноза по данным мультиспиральной компьютерной томографии в сравнении с коронарной ангиографиeй // Журнал Диагностическая и интервенционная радиология. 2015. Т. 9. № 3. С. 25-30. 22. Шерашов А.В., Шилова А.С., Першина Е.С., Щекочихин Д.Ю., Свет А.В., Гиляров М.Ю. Инфаркт миокарда без признаков обструктивного атеросклероза коронарных артерий // Кардиология. 2020;60(3):89- 95. https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2020.3.n881 23. Abbara S, Arbab-Zadeh A, Callister TQ, Desai MY, Mamuya W, Thomson L, Weigold. SCCT guidelines for performance of coronary computed tomographic angiography: a report of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography Guidelines Committee. // J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. May-Jun 2009;3(3):190-204 24. Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M Jr., Detrano R. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. // J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15:827–832. 25. André F, Müller D, Korosoglou G, Hosch W, Kauczor H, Katus H, Steen H. In-vitro assessment of coronary artery stents in 256- multislice computed tomography angiography. // BMC Research Notes (2014) 7(1) 26. Axel L, Otazo R. Accelerated MRI for the assessment of cardiac function. // Br J Radiol. 2016;89:20150655. 27. Bastiaansen JAM, van Heeswijk RB, Stuber M, Piccini D. Noncontrast free-breathing respiratory self-navigated coronary artery cardiovascular magnetic resonance angiography at 3T using lipid insensitive binomial off- resonant excitation (LIBRE). // J. Cardiovasc.Magn.Reson. 2019;21:38 28. Benjamin E.J., Muntner P., Flonso F. еt al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2019 update: areportfrom the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139:e56–e528; 29. Bhatia Mona. Evaluation of ischemic heart disease and viability by cardiac MRI. // Indian Heart Journal. Volume 66, Issue 1, January– February 2014, р.143-144 30. Bradley S.M., Maddox T.M., Stanislawski M.A. et al. Normal coronary rates for elective angiography in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System: insights from the VA CART program (veterans affairs clinical assessment reporting and tracking).// J.Am.Coll.Cardiol 2014;63(5):417–426. 31. Budoff MJ, Dowe D, Jollis JG, Gitter, Sutherland J, Halamert E, Diagnostic performance of 64-multidetector row coronary computed tomographic angiography for evaluation of coronary artery stenosis in individuals without known coronary artery disease: results from the prospective multicenter ACCURACY (Assessment by Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography of Individuals Undergoing Invasive Coronary Angiography) trial. // J. Am.Coll. Cardiol. 2008 Nov 18;52(21):1724-32. 32. Budoff MJ, Nasir K, Mao S et al. Ethnic differences of the presence and severity of coronary atherosclerosis.// Atherosclerosis. 2006;187:343-350 33. Budoff MJ, Mayrhofer T, Ferencik. Metal.; PROMISEInvestigators. Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium in the PROMISE study (Prospective Multicenter Imaging Study for Evaluation of Chest Pain).// Circulation 2017;136:1993-2005. 34. Chen CC, Chen CC, Hsieh IC, Liu YC, Liu CY, Chan T, WenMS, WanYL. The effect of calcium score on the diagnostic accuracy of coronary computed tomography angiography. // Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011 Dec;27 Suppl 1:37-42. 35. Chen Zh., Sun B., Duan Q. etal. 3.0 T Contrast-enhanced whole-heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography for simultaneous coronary artery angiography and myocardial viability in chronic myocardial infarction. // Medicine (2018) 97:45. 36. Danad Ibrahim, Jackie Szymonifka, Jos W.R. Twisk et al. Diagnostic performance of cardiac imaging methods to diagnose ischaemiacausing coronary artery disease when directly compared with fractional flow reserve as a reference standard: a meta-analysisEuropean Heart Journal (2017) 38, 991–998. [60] Dastidar AG, Rodrigues J CL, Baritussio A, Bucciarelli-Ducc C. MRI in the assessment of ischaemic heart disease. // Heart (British Cardiac Society) 102(3) December 2015. 37. Erbel R, Mȍhlenkamp S, Moebus Setal.Coronary Risk Stratification, Discrimination, and Reclassification Improvement Based on Quantification of Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis: The Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. Vol. 56, No 17, 2010, P. 1397-1406. 38. Escaned J., Echavarria-Pinto M., Garcia-Garcia H. Metal.; ADVISEII StudyGroup.Prospective assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of instantaneous wave-free ratio to assess coronary stenosis relevance: results of ADVISE II international, multicenter study (ADenosine Vasodilator Independent Stenosis Evaluation II). // JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 8:824833. 39. Fordyce CB, Douglas PS, Roberts RSet al.; Prospective Multicenter ImagingStudyforEvaluationofChestPain(PROMISE) Investigators. Identification of patients with stable chest pain deriving minimal value from non-invasive testing: the PROMISE minimal-risk tool, a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.// JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:400-408. 40. Garbi M. et al. Appropri at enesscriteria for cardiovascular imaging use in heart failure: report of literature review / // Eur. HeartJ. Cardiovasc. Imaging. 2015. – Vol. 16, № 2.–P. 147-153. 41. Gaudio C, Pellicia F, Evangelista A, Tanzilli G, Paravati V, et al. 320-row computed tomography angiography vs conventional coronary angiography in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2013). // Int. J. Cardiol 168: 1562-1564. 42. Georgiou D, Budoff MJ, Kaufer E et al. Screening patients with chest pain in the emergency department using electron beam tomography: a follow-up study.// J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(1):105–110. 43. Giesler T, Baum U, Ropers D, Ulzheimer S, Wenkel E, Mennicke M, et al. Noninvasive visualization of coronary arteries using contrast-enhanced multidetector CT: influence of heart rate on image quality and stenosis detection. // Am. J. Roentgenol. 2002;179:911–16. 44. Gimelli A. et al. Non-invasive cardiac imaging evaluation of patients with chronic systolic heart failure: a report from the Association of CardiovascularImaging (EACVI). // Eur. HeartJ. – 2014. – Vol. 35, № 48. – P. 3417-3425. 45. Greenland P., Blaha M.J., Budoff M Jetal. Coronary Calcium Scoreand Cardiovascular Risk. //JACC.Vol. 72 ,No. 4, 2018. 46. Greeenwood, J., Ripley, D. P., Berry, C., McCann, G., Plein, S. , BucciarelliDucci, C., Brown, JM. (2016). Effect of Care Guided by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy, or NICE Guidelines on Subsequent Unnecessary Angiography Rates: The CE-MARC 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA – Journal of the American Medical Association, 16(10), 1051-1060. 47. Gueret P, Deux JF, Bonello L et al, Diagnostic performance of computed tomography coronary angiography (from the prospective national multicenter multivendor EVASCAN study). // Am.J.Cardiol. 2013;111:471-478. 48. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: the task force on myocardial revascularization ofthe European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) 2014 ESC/EACTS. // Eur. HeartJ. – 2014. – Vol. 35, № 37. – P. 2541-2619. 49. Halliburton S, Arbab-Zadeh A, Dey D, State-of-the-art in CT hardware and scan modes for cardiovascular CT.// J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr. 2012;6:154–163.. 50. Han D, Ó Hartaigh B, Gransar H. Prevalence and Distribution of Coronary Artery Calcification in Asymptomatic United States and Korean Adults. // Cross-Sectional Propensity-Matched Analysis.Circ J. 2016 Oct 25;80(11):2349-2355 51. Hamdan A., Asbach P., Wellnhofer E. etal. A Prospective Study for Comparison of MR and CT Imaging for Detection of Coronary Artery Stenosis. // JACC: CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING Vol.4 , NO . 1 , 2 0 1 1, 50-61. 52. Hamdy A, Ishida M, Sakuma H. Cardiac MR Assessment of Coronary Arteries.// CVIA 2017;1(1):49-59, 53. Hausleiter J, Martinoff S, Hadamitzky M, Martuscelli E, Pschierer I, Feuchtner GM, Catalan-Sanz P, Czermak B, Meyer TS, Hein F, Bischoff B, Kuse M, Schomig A, Achenbach S. Image quality and radiation exposure with a low tube voltage protocol for coronary CT angiography results of the PROTECTION II Trial. // JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;3:1113–1123. 54. Hell M.M., Bittner D., Schuhbaeck A., et al. Prospectively ECG-triggered high-pitch coronary angiography with third-generation dualsource CT at 70 kVp tube voltage: feasibility, image quality, radiation dose, and effect of iterative reconstruction. // J.Cardiovasc.Comput.Tomogr. 2014;8(6):418–425. 55. Hirai K., Kido T., Kido T. et al. Feasibility of contrast-enhanced coronary artery magnetic resonance angiography using compressed sensing. // Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (2020) 22:15. 56. Jensen JM , Voss M, Hansen VB, Andersen LK, Johansen PB, Munkholm H, Norgaard BL. Risk stratification of patients suspected of coronary artery disease: comparison of five different models. // Atherosclerosis. 2012; 220:557-562. 57. Jeremias A, Maehara A, Genereux P et al., Multicenter core laboratory comparison of the instantaneous wave-free ratio and resting Pd/Pa with fractional flow reserve: the RESOLVE study.// J.Am. Coll.Cardio.l 2014;63:12531261. 58. Kaandorp T.A., Lamb H. J., Bax J. J. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of coronary arteries, the ischemic cascade, and myocardial infarction. // Am Heart J. 2005. Vol. 149, N 2. Р. 200-208 59. Kavousi M, Elias-Smale S, Rutten JH, et al. Evaluation of newer risk markers for coronary heart disease risk classification: a cohort study. // An. of internal medicine. 2012;156:438–444 60. Knuuti J, Ballo H, Juarez-Orozco LE, Saraste A, Kolh P, Rutjes AWS, Juni P, Windecker S, Bax JJ, Wijns W. The performance of non-invasive tests to rule-in and rule-out significant coronary artery stenosis in patients with stable angina: a meta-analysis focused on post-test disease probability. // Eur. Heart.J. 2018;39:3322-3330. 61. Knuuti J, Bengel F, Bax JJ et al., Risks and benefits of cardiac imaging: an analysis of risks related to imaging for coronary artery disease. // Eur.Heart.J. 2014;35:633-638. 62. Ko D.T., Tu J.V., Austin P.C., et al. Prevalence and extent of obstructive coronary artery disease among patients undergoing elective coronary catheterization in New York State and Ontario. // JAMA. 2013;310(2):163–169. 63. Korean Guidelines for the Appropriate Use of Cardiac CT. // Korean J Radiol. 2015 Mar-Apr; 16(2): 251–285. 64. Koulaouzidis G, Nicoll R, Charisopoulou D et al. Aggressive and diffuse coronary calcification in South Asian angina patients compared to Caucasians with similar risk factors.// Int. J. Cardiol. 2013;167:2472-2476. 65. Lee et al. // The growth and evolution of cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a 20-year history of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) annual scien. 66. Lee JH, Ó Hartaigh B, Han D et al. Reassessing the Usefulness of Coronary Artery Calcium Score among Varying Racial and Ethnic Groups by Geographic Locations: Relevance of the Korea Initiatives on Coronary Artery Calcification Registry. // J.Cardiovasc.Ultrasound 2015;23(4):195-200.68. Liang J., Wang H., Hu L. et al. Diagnostic performance of 256-row detector coronary CT angiography in patients with high heart rates within a single cardiac cycle: a preliminary study. // Clinikal Radiology. 2017. Volume 72, Issue 8, Pages 694.e7–694.e14. 69. Mark JP, Tice JA, Pignone M. Using the Coronary Artery Calcium Score to Predict Coronary Heart Disease Events. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. // Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(12):1285-1292. 70. McAlindon E, Pufulete M, Lawton C, et al. Quantification of infarct size and myocardium at risk: evaluation of different techniques and its implications. // Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;16:738–46. 71. McClelland RL, Chung H, Detrano R et al.Distribution of Coronary Artery Calcium by Race, Gender, and Age. Results from the Multi- Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). // Circulation. 2006;113:30-37. 72. Meijboom WB, Meijs MF, Schuijf JD, Cramer MJ et al, Diagnostic Accuracy of 64-Slice Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography. // Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Vol. 52, No. 25, 2008. 73. Min JK, Leipsic J, Pencina MJ, Berman DS. Diagnostic accuracy of fractional flow reserve from anatomic CT angiography. // JAMA 2012;308:1237–1245. 74. Montalescot G. et al. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease The Task Force on the on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology// Eur. HeartJ. – 2013. – Vol. 34, № 38. –P. 2949- 3003. 75. Nagata M, Kato S, Kitagawa K, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of 1.5-T unenhanced whole-heart coronary MR angiography performed with 32-channel cardiac coils: initial single-center experience. // Radiology 2011;259(2):384–392. 76. Nathan M., Ying L. C., Pierre C., David B., Joao L. Assessment of myocardial fibrosis with cardiac magnetic resonance. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 February 22. //J. Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Feb. 22; 57 (8): 891-903. 77. Neumann F.J., Sousa-Uva M., Ahlsson A., Alfonso F. , Banning A.P., Benedetto U., Byrne RA, Collet JP, Falk V, Head SJ, Juni P, Kastrati A, Koller A, Kristensen SD, Niebauer J, Richter DJ, Seferovic PM, Sibbing D, Stefanini GG, Windecker S, Yadav R, Zembala MO. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. // Eur Heart J 2019; 40:87165. 78. Neves PO, Andrade J, Moncao H. Coronary artery calcium score: current status.// Radiol Bras. 2017 Mai/Jun;50(3):182–189]. 79. Paech DC,Weston AR. A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of 64-sliceor higher computed tomography angiography as an alternative to invasive coronaryangiography in the investigation of suspected coronary artery disease. // BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2011;11:32. 80. Palazzuoli A, Beltrami M, Gennari L, et al. The impact of infarct size on regional and global left ventricular systolic function: a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study.// Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 2015;31:1037–44. 81. Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S et al., 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR).// Eur. Heart J. 2016 Aug 1; 37(29): 2315–2381. 82. Qi Yang,; Kuncheng Li, Xin Liu et al. 3.0T Whole-Heart Coronary Magnetic Resonance Angiography Performed With 32-Channel Cardiac Coils A Single-Center Experience. // Circ.Cardiovasc.Imaging.2012;5: 573-579. 83. Rodenwaldt J., Multislice computed tomography of the coronary arteries. // European Radiology. Volume 13, pages748–757(2003). 84. Roth G.A., Johnson C., Abajobir A. et al. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(1):1-25. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.052. GBD 2016 Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 [published correction appears in Lancet. 2017 Oct 28;390(10106):e38.// Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1084- 1150. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31833-0. 85. Sajjadieh A, Hekmatnia A, Keivani M et al. Diagnostic performance of 64-row coronary CT angiography in detecting significant stenosis as compared with conventional invasive coronary angiography. ARYA.// Atheroscler 2013; Volume 9, Issue 2. 86. Shah B.N., R. Senior. Role of viability imaging in the post – STICH era . // Curr. Opin.Cardiol. – 2014. – Vol. 34, № 29.– P. 2281- 2329. 87. Shabestari AA. Coronary Artery Calcium Score: A Review.// Iran Red Cres Med J. 2013 December; 15(12): e16616. 88. Stable coronary artery disease (managemen to of Electronic resource]. – 2016 . – Modeofaccess: http://www.escardio.org/ Guidelines- &-Education/ Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/ Stable-Coronary-Artery-Disease-Management-of. -Dateofaccess: 17.04.2016. 89. Steigner ML, Otero HJ, Cai T, et al. Narrowing the phase window width in prospectively ECG-gated single heart beat 320-detector row coronary CT angiography. // Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging. 2009;25:85–90; 90. Steurer J, Fischer JE, Bachmann LM, Koller M, ter Riet G. Communicating accuracy of tests to general practitioners: a controlled study.// BMJ2002;324:824-826.84. 91. Tsai W.K., Holohan K. M., Williams K. A. Myocardial Perfusion Imaging from Echocardiography to SPECT, PET, CT, and MRI— Recent Advances and Applications. // US Cardiology. 2010. Vol. 7, N 1.P. 12-16. 92. van Werkhoven JM, de Boer SM, Schuijf JD, Cademartiri F. Impact of Clinical Presentation and Pretest Likelihood on the Relation Between Calcium Score and Computed Tomographic Coronary Angiography. // The American Journal of Cardiology , Volume 106 - Issue 12 p. 1675- 1679 93. Hulten EA, Shaw LJ et al; CONFIRM Registry Investigators.Prevalence and severity of coronary artery disease and adverse events among symptomatic patients with coronary artery calcification scores of zero undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography: results from the CONFIRM (Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcomes: An International Multicenter) registry.// J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:2533-2540. 94. Vitali Gorenoi, Matthias P. Schönermark, and Anja Hagen. CT coronary angiography vs. invasiva coronary angiography in CHD. // GMS Health Technol Assess. 2012; 8: Doc02. 95. Weustink AC, Nieman K, Pugliese F, Mollet NR, Meijboom WB, van Mieghem C, tenKateGJ, CademartiriF, KrestinGP, deFeyterPJ. Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography angiography in patients after bypass grafting: comparison with invasive coronary angiography. //JACC. Cardiovasc.Imaging. 2009;2:816–824. 96. Yi He, Jianing Pang, Qinyi Dai et al. Diagnostic Performance of self-navigated Whole-heart contrast-enhanced coronary 3-T MR angiography.// Radiology: Volume 281: Number 2—November 2016, 401-408.97. Yonezawa M, Nagata M, Kitagawa K. et al., Quantitative analysis of 1.5-T Whole-heart coronary MR angiograms Obtained with 32- channel cardiac coils: A Comparison with Conventional Quantitative Coronary Angiography.// Radiology: Volume 271: Number 2— May 2014, 356-364. 98. Z Sun, MD, PhD,1 G H Choo, MBBS, MRCP,2 and K H Ng, MIPEM, PhD3,4. Coronary CT angiography: current status and continuing challenges. //Br. J. Radiol. 2012 May; 85(1013): 495–510. 99. Zhang L., Song X., Dong L. et al. Additive value of 3T cardiovascular magnetic resonance coronary angiography for detecting coronary artery disease. // Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (2018) 20:29.